An Improved Backstepping Controller with an LESO and TDs for Robust Underwater 3D Trajectory Tracking of a Turtle-Inspired Amphibious Spherical Robot
In this paper, a double closed-loop backstepping controller is designed for 3D trajectory tracking of a turtle-inspired amphibious spherical robot suffering from problems that include model uncertainties, environmental disturbances, and unmeasured velocity.The proposed controller scheme tackles three primary challenges: the differentiation explosio